Arrhythmia and Dysrhythmia are abnormal heart rhythms that can occur in the heart. Symptoms of arrhythmia and dysrhythmia can include: palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, and fainting. Diagnosis of these conditions is typically done through an ECG or Holter monitor test. Treatment of arrhythmia and dysrhythmia depends on the type and severity, but may include lifestyle changes, medications, or even surgery. In some cases, a pacemaker may be necessary to regulate the heart rate.

Heart failure is a medical condition in which the heart is no longer able to pump blood effectively throughout the body. Symptoms of heart failure can include shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the lower legs and feet. Diagnosis of heart failure is made by a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging tests. Treatment of heart failure can include lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, surgery. Lifestyle changes may include dietary modifications, reducing salt intake, and exercise. Medications may include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and others. Surgery may include coronary artery bypass grafting, ventricular assist devices, and heart transplantation.

Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is a serious medical condition that results from the obstruction of blood flow to the heart muscle. Symptoms of a heart attack can include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, sweating and fatigue. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, electrocardiogram, and blood tests. Treatment for a heart attack can include medications, lifestyle modification, and surgery. Medications can include aspirin, beta-blockers, and ACE inhibitors. Lifestyle modifications may include quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet. Surgery may involve cardiac catheterization, angioplasty, or bypass surgery.

Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a condition in which the force of the blood against the walls of the arteries is higher than normal. Symptoms of hypertension can include headaches, dizziness, and vision problems. Diagnosis of hypertension is typically through a physical exam and checking a person's blood pressure levels. Treatment of hypertension often involves lifestyle changes, such as reducing sodium intake, increasing physical activity, and managing stress. Medications may also be prescribed to help reduce blood pressure.

Atherosclerosis is a condition where the arteries become narrowed or blocked due to a buildup of fatty substances and other materials. It is a common form of cardiovascular disease and can lead to a variety of health complications, including heart attack and stroke. Symptoms of atherosclerosis can include chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Diagnosis is typically done through imaging tests such as an ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly, as well as medications to lower blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to open up blocked arteries.

Cardiovascular diseases are a wide range of conditions that affect the heart and/or blood vessels. The top 10 cardiovascular diseases are coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, hypertension, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart defects, arrhythmia, and valvular heart disease. Coronary artery disease is a condition in which plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. Stroke is an interruption of the blood supply to part of the brain, which can cause permanent damage. Peripheral artery disease is a narrowing of the arteries that leads to reduced blood flow in the arms and legs. Hypertension is high blood pressure and can lead to stroke, heart attack, and other complications. Heart failure is a condition in which the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. Atrial fibrillation is an irregular heart rhythm that can lead to blood clots, stroke, and other heart-related complications. Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that can lead to heart failure. Congenital heart defects are problems with the heart’s structure that are present at birth. Arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm that can cause dizziness, fainting, and chest pain. Valvular heart disease is a condition in which one or more of the heart’s four valves don’t work correctly.